Journal Articles

Benhaddou, N, Kenyon, J, Togay, M, Jones, LO, Sheppard, A, Fermin, D, Bowers, JW (2026) Ag-induced performance enhancement in amine-thiol-based CIGS solar cells, Materials Advances, ISSN: 2633-5409. DOI: 10.1039/d6ma00367b.

Myneni, S, Shaw, D, Wang, W, Jiang, C-S, Togay, M, Walls, M, Ferekides, C, Sampath, W (2026) Thickness-dependent performance of undoped polycrystalline CdSeTe-only solar cells: n-type behavior and hole diffusion length from modeling, IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, pp.1-7, ISSN: 2156-3381. DOI: 10.1109/jphotov.2026.3718636.

Kujovic, L, Liu, X, Zhou, Z, Robertson, S, Abbas, A, Togay, M, Machin, S, Kenyon, J, Elsayed, Z, Curson, K, Llewelyn, C, Lamb, DA, Irvine, SJC, Zhang, W, Lee, C, Nagle, T, Lu, D, Xiong, G, Bowers, J, Walls, M (2026) Improved Voc using Ce-alloyed ZnO buffer layers in thin film CdSeTe/CdTe solar cells, Jphys Energy, 8(2), 025017, DOI: 10.1088/2515-7655/ae7760.

Keller, J, Mudgal, S, Jurado‐Estrada, A, Togay, M, Bowers, JW, Edoff, M (2026) Titanium‐Doped In ₂ O ₃ : A High‐Mobility, Thermally Stable Back Contact for Bifacial Chalcopyrite Solar Cells, Solar RRL, 10(6), e70291, ISSN: 2367-198X. DOI: 10.1002/solr.70291.

Liu, X, Kujovic, L, Zhou, Z, Robertson, S, Togay, M, Kenyon, J, Infante-Ortega, L, Bliss, M, Bowers, J, Walls, M, Llewelyn, C, Lamb, DA, Irvine, SJC, Lee, C, Zhang, W, Lu, D, Xiong, G (2025) Improved interface passivation in high-efficiency Se-alloyed CdTe solar cells using a SnO₂ /ZnO n-type bilayer, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 297, 114139, ISSN: 0927-0248. DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114139.

Infante-Ortega, L, Liu, X, Curson, K, Kujovic, L, Togay, M, Law, A, Abbas, A, Isherwood, P, Bowers, J, Walls, M (2025) Thin film Indium Tin oxide transparent conductors: comparing the effects of deposition temperature and annealing, Thin Solid Films, 827, 140784, ISSN: 0040-6090. DOI: 10.1016/j.tsf.2025.140784.

Togay, M, Kujovic, L, Abbas, A, Curson, K, Jones, L, Ellis, R, Bliss, M, Barth, K, Bowers, J, Walls, M (2025) The effect of annealing and CdCl2 activation on the electrical properties of thin film ZnO buffer layers for CdSeTe/CdTe solar cells, Journal of Physics: Energy, DOI: 10.1088/2515-7655/adfd87.

Kujovic, L, Liu, X, Togay, M, Abbas, A, Law, A, Jones, L, Curson, K, Barth, K, Bowers, J, Walls, M, Oklobia, O, Lamb, DA, Irvine, SJC, Zhang, W, Lee, C, Nagle, T, Lu, D, Xiong, G (2025) Development of ZnO buffer layers for as‐doped CdSeTe/CdTe solar cells with efficiency exceeding 20%, Advanced Materials Technologies, 10(13), 240136, ISSN: 2365-709X. DOI: 10.1002/admt.202401364.

Valdés, MH, Abbas, A, Togay, M, Benhaddou, N, Kenyon, J, Kornienko, V, Vázquez, MV, Bowers, J, Walls, M (2025) Morphological inhomogeneities in sprayed Cu₂ZnSnS₄ solar cells, Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, 190, 109342, ISSN: 1369-8001. DOI: 10.1016/j.mssp.2025.109342.

Hunwick, N, Liu, X, Togay, M, Walls, J, Bowers, J, Isherwood, P (2024) The effect of oxygen on NiO as a back buffer layer in CdTe solar cells, Energy Advances, 3(7), pp.1746-1753, DOI: 10.1039/d4ya00125g.

Liu, X, Abbas, A, Togay, M, Kornienko, V, Greenhalgh, R, Curson, K, Bowers, J, Barth, K, Walls, M, Bastola, E, Barros-King, G, Phillips, AB, Heben, MJ (2024) The effect of remnant CdSe layers on the performance of CdSeTe/CdTe photovoltaic devices, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 267, 112717, ISSN: 0927-0248. DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2024.112717.

Pering, SR, Abdulgafar, H, Mudd, M, Yendall, K, Togay, M, Elsegood, MRJ (2024) Band-gap engineering in methylammonium bismuth bromide perovskites for less-toxic perovskite solar cells, Materials Advances, 5(2), pp.625-631, DOI: 10.1039/d3ma00589e.

Law, A, Kujovic, L, Togay, M, Greenhalgh, R, Infante-Ortega, L, Liu, X, Walls, M (2023) A broadband multilayer antireflection coating for thin film CdSeTe/CdTe solar cells, IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, 14(2), pp.305-310, ISSN: 2156-3381. DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2023.3341586.

Kujovic, L, Liu, X, Abbas, A, Jones, L, Law, A, Togay, M, Curson, K, Barth, K, Bowers, J, Walls, M, Oklobia, O, Lamb, DA, Irvine, SJC, Zhang, W, Lee, C, Nagle, T, Lu, D, Xiong, G (2023) Achieving 21.4% efficient CdSeTe/CdTe solar cells using highly resistive intrinsic ZnO buffer layers, Advanced Functional Materials, 34(14), 2312528, ISSN: 1616-301X. DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202312528.

Game, OS, Thornber, T, Cepero‐Mejías, F, Infante-Ortega, L, Togay, M, Cassella, EJ, Kilbride, RC, Gordon, RH, Mullin, N, Greenhalgh, R, Isherwood, P, Walls, M, Fairclough, JPA, Lidzey, DG (2023) Direct integration of perovskite solar cells with carbon fiber substrates, Advanced Materials, 36(20), 2209950, ISSN: 0935-9648. DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209950.

Togay, M, Greenhalgh, R, Fiducia, TA, Shimpi, T, Sampath, W, Barth, K, Walls, M, Bowers, J (2023) Transient metastable behavior caused by magnesium-doped zinc oxide emitters in CdSeTe/CdTe solar cells, IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, 13(3), pp.391-397, ISSN: 2156-3381. DOI: 10.1109/jphotov.2023.3243399.

Pering, S, Gillions, H, Kuznetsov, T, Zhang, W, Yendall, K, Togay, M (2022) Investigation of solution-based synthesis of non-toxic perovskite materials using Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn as the B-site cation for photovoltaic applications, Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 10(39), pp.14722-14728, ISSN: 2050-7526. DOI: 10.1039/d2tc02582e.

Thornber, T, Game, OS, Cassella, EJ, O’Kane, ME, Bishop, JE, Routledge, TJ, Alanazi, TI, Togay, M, Isherwood, P, Infante-Ortega, L, Hammond, DB, Walls, M, Lidzey, DG (2022) Nonplanar spray-coated perovskite solar cells, ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 14(33), pp.37587-37594, ISSN: 1944-8244. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05085.

Paráda, G, Korsós, F, Bojtor, A, Bos, JWG, Don, E, Bowers, J, Togay, M (2022) Exploiting bi-modulated magnetic field and drive current modulation to achieve high-sensitivity Hall measurements on thermoelectric samples, MRS Advances, 7(28), pp.608-613, DOI: 10.1557/s43580-022-00258-7.

Ulicna, S, Welch, L, Abbas, A, Togay, M, Tsai, V, Betts, T, Malkov, A, Walls, M, Bowers, J (2021) Sodium doping of solution‐processed amine‐thiol based CIGS solar cells by thermal evaporation of NaCl, Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 29(5), pp.546-557, ISSN: 1062-7995. DOI: 10.1002/pip.3408.

Ulicna, S, Arnou, P, Abbas, A, Togay, M, Welch, L, Bliss, M, Malkov, A, Walls, M, Bowers, J (2019) Deposition and application of a Mo–N back contact diffusion barrier yielding a 12.0% efficiency solution-processed CIGS solar cell using an amine–thiol solvent system, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 7(12), pp.7042-7052, ISSN: 2050-7488. DOI: 10.1039/c8ta12089g.

Wright, L, Lowe, J, Bliss, M, Tsai, V, Togay, M, Betts, T, Walls, M, Malkov, A, Bowers, J (2018) Water based spray pyrolysis of metal-oxide solutions for Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 solar cells using low toxicity amine/thiol complexants, Thin Solid Films, ISSN: 0040-6090. DOI: 10.1016/j.tsf.2018.11.040.

Bittau, F, Potamialis, C, Togay, M, Abbas, A, Isherwood, P, Bowers, J, Walls, M (2018) Analysis and optimisation of the glass/TCO/MZO stack for thin film CdTe solar cells, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, ISSN: 0927-0248. DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2018.07.019.

Conferences

Kujovic, L, Liu, X, Zhou, Z, Robertson, S, Togay, M, Infante-Ortega, L, Bowers, J, Walls, M, Llewelyn, C, A. Lamb, D, Irvine, SJC, Lee, C, Zhang, W, Nagle, T, Lu, D, Xiong, G (2025) Bilayer SnO2/ZnO buffer layers to achieve 21.7% efficient CdSeTe/CdTe solar cells. In 2025 IEEE 53rd Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC); 2025 IEEE 53rd Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), Montreal, QC, Canada, pp.316-318, ISBN: 9798331534448. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC59419.2025.11133075.

Togay, M, Kujovic, L, Bowers, J, Walls, M, Lee, C, Zhang, W, Nagle, T, Lu, D, Xiong, G (2025) Electrical properties of ZnO buffer layers and the performance of CdSeTe/CdTe solar cells. In 2025 IEEE 53rd Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC); 2025 IEEE 53rd Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), pp.1277-1279, ISBN: 9798331534448. DOI: 10.1109/pvsc59419.2025.11132834.

Togay, M, Kujovic, L, Ellis, R, Bliss, M, Curson, K, Parada, G, Don, E, Barth, K, Walls, M, Bowers, J (2024) Investigating electrical properties of highly resistive ZnO films using a parallel dipole line hall effect system. In 2024 IEEE 52nd Photovoltaic Specialist Conference (PVSC); 2024 IEEE 52nd Photovoltaic Specialist Conference (PVSC), Seattle, USA, pp.0847-0849, ISBN: 9781665464260. DOI: 10.1109/pvsc57443.2024.10749659.

Kujovic, L, Abbas, A, Jones, LO, Togay, M, Hunwick, N, Law, AM, Curson, KM, Infante-Ortega, LC, Bowers, JW, Walls, JM (2024) Degradation of ZnO-Based Buffer Layers for Thin Film CdSeTe/CdTe Solar Cells. In 2024 IEEE 52nd Photovoltaic Specialist Conference (PVSC), pp.1120-1122, DOI: 10.1109/pvsc57443.2024.10749687.

Kujovic, L, Liu, X, Togay, M, Abbas, A, Curson, KM, Jones, LO, Bowers, JW, Walls, JM, Oklobia, O, Lamb, DA, Irvine, SJC, Zhang, W, Lee, C, Nagle, T, Lu, D, Xiong, G (2024) Ce-Alloyed ZnO Buffer Layers for Thin Film CdSeTe/CdTe Solar Cells. In 2024 IEEE 52nd Photovoltaic Specialist Conference (PVSC), pp.1068-1070, DOI: 10.1109/pvsc57443.2024.10749479.

Ellis, RD, Bliss, M, Liu, X, Greenhalgh, R, Togay, M, Abbas, A, Curson, KM, Walls, JM, Bowers, JW, Barth, KL (2024) Progress on Optimization of CdSe and CdTe Processing and CdCl₂ Treatment Parameters. In 2024 IEEE 52nd Photovoltaic Specialist Conference (PVSC), pp.0585-0587, DOI: 10.1109/pvsc57443.2024.10748918.

Infante-Ortega, LC, Liu, X, Kujovic, L, Togay, M, Jones, LO, Abbas, A, Bowers, JW, Walls, JM, Zhang, W, Lee, C, Nagle, T, Lu, D, Xiong, G, Oklobia, O, Lamb, DA, Irvine, SJC (2024) Optimising the thickness of sputtered SnO₂ buffer layers for high efficiency CdSeTe/CdTe devices. In 2024 IEEE 52nd Photovoltaic Specialist Conference (PVSC), pp.1387-1389, DOI: 10.1109/pvsc57443.2024.10749593.

Greenhalgh, RC, Kornienko, V, Togay, M, Abbas, A, Bastola, E, Phillips, AB, Heben, MJ, Bowers, J, Walls, M (2023) The microstructure of thin film CdSe following cadmium chloride activation treatment. In 2023 IEEE 50th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC); 2023 IEEE 50th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), San Juan, PR, USA,ISBN: 9781665460590. DOI: 10.1109/pvsc48320.2023.10360054.

Togay, M, Greenhalgh, R, Morris, K, Liu, X, Kujovic, L, Infante-Ortega, L, Hunwick, N, Law, A, Shimpi, T, Walajabad, SS, Don, E, Parada, G, Barth, K, Walls, M, Bowers, J (2023) Extracting electrical properties of CdTe, CdSeTe and CdSe thin films using a parallel dipole line Hall effect system. In 2023 IEEE 50th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC); 2023 IEEE 50th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), San Juan, USA,ISBN: 9781665460590. DOI: 10.1109/pvsc48320.2023.10359784.

Infante-Ortega, LC, Liu, X, Kujovic, L, Togay, M, Jones, LO, Abbas, A, Curson, K, Greenhalgh, RC, Barth, KL, Bowers, JW, Walls, JM, Oklobia, O, Irvine, S, Colegrove, E, Good, B, Reese, M (2023) SnO2 Buffer Layers for High Efficiency CdSeTe/CdTe Devices. In 2023 IEEE 50th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), pp.1-3, DOI: 10.1109/pvsc48320.2023.10359712.

Morris, KM, Togay, M, Jones, L, Walls, JM, Bowers, JW (2023) Co-Sputtered Sn-Doped ZnO Thin Film n-Type Layers for Incorporation into CdTe Based Photovoltaics. In 2023 IEEE 50th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), pp.1-6, DOI: 10.1109/pvsc48320.2023.10359899.

Kujovic, L, Liu, X, Togay, M, Infante-Ortega, LC, Barth, KL, Bowers, JW, Walls, JM, Oklobia, O, Irvine, SJC, Zhang, W, Miller, DW, Nagle, T, Mallick, R, Lu, D, Metzger, WK, Xiong, G (2023) 19.5% Efficient CdSeTe/CdTe Solar Cells Using ZnO Buffer Layers. In 2023 IEEE 50th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), pp.1-3, DOI: 10.1109/pvsc48320.2023.10359794.

Law, A, Kujovic, L, Togay, M, Liu, X, Barth, K, Walls, M (2023) A broadband anti-reflection coating for thin film CdSeTe/CdTe solar cells. In 2023 IEEE 50th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC); 2023 IEEE 50th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), San Juan, PR, USA, pp.1-4, ISBN: 9781665460590. DOI: 10.1109/pvsc48320.2023.10359595.

Togay, M, Shimpi, T, Walajabad, SS, Barth, K, Don, E, Parada, G, Walls, M, Bowers, J (2022) Ga-doping of MZO in CdSeTe/CdTe thin film solar cells. In 2022 IEEE 49th Photovoltaics Specialists Conference (PVSC); 2022 IEEE 49th Photovoltaics Specialists Conference (PVSC), Philadelphia, PA, USA, pp.658-660, ISBN: 9781728161174. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC48317.2022.9938831.

Togay, M, Greenhalgh, R, Shimpi, T, Walajabad, SS, Barth, KL, Walls, M, Bowers, J (2021) Transient metastable behaviour in highly efficient MZO/CdSeTe/CdTe thin film solar cells. In 2021 IEEE 48th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC); 2021 IEEE 48th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA, pp.637-642, ISBN: 9781665419222. DOI: 10.1109/pvsc43889.2021.9518997.

Greenhalgh, R, Tsai, V, Abbas, A, Kornienko, V, Fiducia, T, Togay, M, Li, K, Grovenor, CRM, Danielson, AH, Munshi, A, Barth, KL, Sampath, WS, Bowers, J, Walls, M (2020) Analysis of MZO/CdTe photovoltaic device treated with cadmium bromide. In 2019 IEEE 46th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC); 2019 IEEE 46th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), pp.2489-2493, ISBN: 9781728104942. DOI: 10.1109/pvsc40753.2019.8981153.

Welch, L, Ulicna, S, Togay, M, Tsai, V, Malkov, A, Betts, T, Walls, M, Bowers, J (2020) Extrinsic doping of amine-thiol solution-processed Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)₂ thin film photovoltaics. In 46th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC-46); 2019 IEEE 46th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), Chicago, IL, pp.1867-1871, ISBN: 9781728104942. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC40753.2019.8980531.

Ulicna, S, Togay, M, Bliss, M, Tsai, V, Wright, L, Lowe, J, Malkov, A, Walls, M, Bowers, J (2018) Electronic properties of solution-processed Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 solar cells using metal chalcogenides and amine-thiol solvent mixtures. In , Waikoloa, Hawaii, USA,ISBN: 9781538685297. DOI: 10.1109/pvsc.2018.8547821.

Togay, M, Ulicna, S, Bukhari, S, Lisco, F, Bliss, M, Eeles, A, Walls, M, Bowers, J (2018) Exploring metastable defect behavior in solution-processed antimony doped CIGS thin film solar cells. In 7th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (WCPEC-7), Waikoloa, Hawaii, US,ISBN: 9781538685297. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2018.8547492.

Potamialis, C, Lisco, F, Maniscalco, B, Togay, M, Bowers, J, Walls, M (2017) Process development of sublimated Cu-free CdTe solar cells. In PHOTOVOLTAIC SCIENCE APPLICATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY (PVSAT-13), Bangor University, Bangor, UK,ISBN: 0904963837.

Arnou, P, Ulicna, S, Eeles, A, Togay, M, Wright, L, Malkov, A, Walls, M, Bowers, J (2017) Variation of Cu content of sprayed Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 solar cells based on a Thiol-Amine solvent mixture. In IEEE PVSC 44, Washington DC,ISBN: 9781509056057. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2017.8366765.

Potamialis, C, Lisco, F, Maniscalco, B, Togay, M, Abbas, A, Bliss, M, Bowers, J, Walls, M, Rimmaudo, I, Fernandez, RM, Rejon, V, Pena, JL (2017) Photoluminescence imaging analysis of doping in thin film CdS and CdS/CdTe devices. In 44th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialist Conference, Washington DC,ISBN: 9781509056057. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2017.8521507.

Ulicna, S, Arnou, P, Eeles, A, Togay, M, Wright, L, Abbas, A, Malkov, A, Walls, M, Bowers, J (2017) Control of Mose2 formation in hydrazine-free solution-processed CIS/CIGS thin film solar cells. In IEEE PVSC-44, Washington, D.C.,ISBN: 9781509056057. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2017.8366174.

Thesis/Dissertation

Togay, M (2021) Advanced electrical characterisation of thin-film solar cells.

Datasets

Kujovic, L, Liu, X, Zhou, Z, Robertson, S, Abbas, A, Togay, M, Machin, S, Kenyon, J, Elsayed, Z, Curson, K, Llewelyn, C, A Lamb, D, J. C. Irvine, S, Zhang, W, Lee, C, Nagle, T, Lu, D, Xiong, G, Bowers, J, Walls, M (2026) Supplementary information files for "Improved Voc using Ce-alloyed ZnO buffer layers in thin film CdSeTe/CdTe solar cells", DOI: 10.17028/rd.lboro.32957420.

Kujovic, L, Liu, X, Togay, M, Abbas, A, Law, A, Jones, L, Curson, K, Barth, K, Bowers, J, Walls, M, Oklobia, O, A Lamb, D, JC Irvine, S, Zhang, W, Lee, C, Nagle, T, Lu, D, Xiong, G (2025) Supplementary information files for "Development of ZnO buffer layers for as‐doped CdSeTe/CdTe solar cells with efficiency exceeding 20%", DOI: 10.17028/rd.lboro.29269427.

Pering, S, Gillions, H, Kuznetsov, T, Zhang, W, Yendall, K, Togay, M (2023) Supplementary information files for Investigation of solution-based synthesis of non-toxic perovskite materials using Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn as the B-site cation for photovoltaic applications, DOI: 10.17028/rd.lboro.23790747.

Ulicna, S, Welch, L, Abbas, A, Togay, M, Tsai, V, Betts, T, Malkov, A, Walls, M, Bowers, J (2021) Supporting Information Files for Sodium doping of solution‐processed amine‐thiol based CIGS solar cells by thermal evaporation of NaCl, DOI: 10.17028/rd.lboro.15719631.