Journal Articles

Lloyd, C and Dorrell, R (2026) Mixing by offshore wind infrastructure: Resolving the density stratified wakes past vertical cylinders, Physical Review Fluids, 11(8), 084802, ISSN: 2469-990X. DOI: 10.1103/9zmy-kb84.

Hartharn-Evans, SG, Lloyd, C, Carr, M, Jenkins, A (2026) Dynamics of shear instabilities near the ice-shelf–ocean interface, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1039, A45, ISSN: 0022-1120. DOI: 10.1017/jfm.2026.11840.

Lloyd, C and Dorrell, R (2025) Transport by waves and turbulence: Dilute suspensions in stably stratified plane Poiseuille flow, Physical Review Fluids, 10(11), 114501, DOI: 10.1103/z1sb-q7nr.

Dhar, N, Lloyd, CJ, Walker, J, Dorrell, RM (2025) The Influence of Structural Design on the Hydrodynamics of Floating Offshore Wind Turbine Platforms, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 13(2), 248, ISSN: 2077-1312. DOI: 10.3390/jmse13020248.

Lloyd, C and Dorrell, R (2024) Linear dynamics in turbulent stratified plane Poiseuille flow, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 999, A104, ISSN: 0022-1120. DOI: 10.1017/jfm.2024.1000.

Lloyd, CJ, Mittal, K, Dutta, S, Dorrell, RM, Peakall, J, Keevil, GM, Burns, AD (2023) Multi-fidelity modelling of shark skin denticle flows: insights into drag generation mechanisms, Royal Society Open Science, 10(2), 220684, DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220684.

Dorrell, RM, Lloyd, CJ, Lincoln, BJ, Rippeth, TP, Taylor, JR, Caulfield, CCP, Sharples, J, Polton, JA, Scannell, BD, Greaves, DM, Hall, RA, Simpson, JH (2022) Anthropogenic Mixing in Seasonally Stratified Shelf Seas by Offshore Wind Farm Infrastructure, Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2022.830927.

Lloyd, CJ, Dorrell, RM, Caulfield, CP (2022) The coupled dynamics of internal waves and hairpin vortices in stratified plane Poiseuille flow, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 934, A10, ISSN: 0022-1120. DOI: 10.1017/jfm.2021.1007.

Lloyd, CJ, Peakall, J, Burns, AD, Keevil, GM, Dorrell, RM, Wignall, PB, Fletcher, TM (2021) Hydrodynamic efficiency in sharks: the combined role of riblets and denticles, Bioinspiration & Biomimetics, 16(4), pp.046008-046008, ISSN: 1748-3182. DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/abf3b1.

Lloyd, CJ, Peakall, J, Burns, AD, Keevil, GM, Dorrell, RM (2020) Numerical errors at walls: on the sensitivity of RANS models to near-wall cell size, International Journal of Computational Fluid Dynamics, 34(3), pp.204-225, ISSN: 1061-8562. DOI: 10.1080/10618562.2020.1732941.

Datasets

Dickinson, R, Matsumoto, K, Marjoribanks, T, Sanjou, M, Keylock, C, Okamoto, T-A, Lloyd, C (2026) Experimental Data for Paper: Effects of Flexible Vegetation Morphology on Patch Porosity, Flow Structure, and Turbulence, DOI: 10.17028/rd.lboro.32665671.

Other

Dhar, N, Dorrell, RM, Lloyd, CJ, McLelland, SJ, Walker, J (2025) Effect of Increased Geometric Complexity on LoadActing on Floating Offshore Wind Turbine Platforms, Renewable energy sources, including offshore wind energy, are fundamental to reducing fossil fuelconsumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Many countries are planning for a rapid and massive ex-pansion of the offshore wind sector to meet the NetZero goals. So far, the installation of offshore windturbines (OWT) has been restricted to near-shore shallow water (≤ 60m). However, future expansionof the sector will be in deep waters, away from the shore, where the wind speed is stronger and moreconsistent. Monopiles, the most commonly used foundations for OWT, become uneconomical or tech-nologically unfeasible in deep waters. Therefore, OWT supported by floating platforms is the way to goforward. The initial platform designs and construction were based on the experience obtained from theoil and gas industry (O&G). However, the load acting and the movement of the floating offshore windturbine (FOWT) platforms are vastly different from the O&G platforms. In addition to the aerodynamicloading, these platforms are subjected to hydrodynamic loading, making platform design a complex task.Evaluating the forces acting on these platforms, even under idealistic conditions, is challenging. Althoughsignificant progress has been made, platform, anchor, mooring, and turbine design improvement dependson accurate load calculation. Further, understanding hydrodynamic loading is essential to evaluate theenergy losses due to the FOWT system and, therefore, the mixing of the water column behind the struc-ture. In this research, the effect of increased geometric complexity on load acting on a semi-submersibleplatform is numerically investigated. Three unidirectional flow regimes of Reynolds number (Re) = 2900,43000, and 200000 are investigated, using the OC4 semi-submersible platform as the reference. The OC4semi-submersible platform was developed by the OC4-DeepCWind consortium to obtain experimentaldata and validate numerical models for FOWT. The results show that the drag force acting on the plat-form increases as the Re and number of members in the platform increases. These findings are importantin understanding the hydrodynamic loading on FOWT platforms under static conditions and designingthe platform, mooring and anchoring systems. Further, this is essential for the sustainable developmentof the offshore wind energy sector.     . DOI: 10.5194/egusphere-egu24-16226.

Lloyd, C (2025) Resolving the wakes of offshore wind infrastructure in two layer flows, To enable a global net zero future the next decade will see exponential growth of offshore wind renewable energy. This scale of development necessitates expansion into deeper, seasonally stratified, waters, for the first time. This transition from shallow well-mixed regions to deeper waters marks a fundamental change in the marine environment, due to the importance of vertical density gradients on fluid dynamics. Seasonal stratification is a vital control on marine ecosystems; primary production, biogeochemical cycling, and water column structure are all intricately linked through vertical mixing processes across the pycnocline. Understanding turbulence introduced in the water column by tidal flows past offshore infrastructure, and the subsequent effect on vertical mixing, is therefore vital for predicting and managing renewable energy impacts on the marine environment. This work is focussed on understanding the fundamental fluid dynamics of offshore wind infrastructure wakes in stratified flows, using direct numerical simulations. The tidal flows past the structures are approximated by a uniform quiescent background flow with a two-layer density profile. The flows past two types of infrastructure are investigated: A uniform vertical cylinder approximating a monopile, and a truncated cylinder approximating a floating spar-buoy or semi-submersible structure. The truncated cylinder has its length equal to the pycnocline depth, such that it penetrates through the upper half of the pynocline. Through these simulations we identify the process through which turbulence generated in the wake of the structures leads to vertical mixing across the pycnocline. While both cylinders weaken the pynocline by a similar amount, the processes that lead to vertical mixing differ significantly. The truncated cylinder directly leads to mixing in the lee of the structure due to the vertical displacement of fluid beneath it. In contrast, the full cylinder requires a transition from horizontally sheared flow to 3D turbulence before vertical mixing occurs. In addition to direct mixing of the pycnocline through turbulence, internal gravity waves are also observed in the wake of both cylinders, identified through a spectral decomposition of instantaneous slice data. Future work will aim to understand the interaction between waves and turbulence in the cylinder wakes, the influence of shear in the background flow on mixing in the wakes, and will develop sub-grid-scale closures appropriate for modelling full-scale tidal flows past offshore wind infrastructure. . DOI: 10.5194/egusphere-egu24-15342.